chemicals bongkrekic acid (ba)  (Biomol GmbH)

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (BA) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT) on the viability of mouse lung endotheliocytes under conditions of normo- ( A ) and hyperlipidemia ( B ). ( A ) Cells were treated with BA and CAT at different concentrations for 48 h, and the cell viability index was quantified. ( B ) Effect of 25 µM BA and 10 µM CAT on palmitate (PA)-induced lipotoxicity (0.75 mM PA/fatty acid-free BSA complex solution for 6 days) in the mouse lung endothelial cells. Data represent the mean ± SD from 3–4 independent experiments, including at least 25 fields of view.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques:

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (BA, 25 µM) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, 10 µM) on production of reactive oxygen species in mouse lung endothelial cells under conditions of palmitate lipotoxicity (0.75 mM PA/fatty acid-free BSA complex solution for 48 h). ( A ) DCF fluorescence level reflecting ROS production in the cell cytoplasm; ( B ) MitoSOX red fluorescence, reflecting the production of superoxide anion in the mitochondria. The addition of 10 μM antimycin A (AA), an inhibitor of the respiratory chain complex III, demonstrated the highest level of superoxide anion generation by mitochondria of mouse lung endothelial cells. Data represent the mean ± SD from 3–4 independent experiments, including at least 25 fields of view.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (BA, 25 µM) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, 10 µM) on mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) in mouse lung endothelial cells under conditions of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity (0.75 mM PA/fatty acid-free BSA complex solution for 48 h). Data represent the mean ± SD from four independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques: Membrane

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: ANT-Mediated Inhibition of the Permeability Transition Pore Alleviates Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipotoxicity

doi: 10.3390/biom14091159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of bongkrekic acid (25 µM) and carboxyatractyloside (10 µM) on the level of colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes in endothelial cells during palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. ( A ) Typical fluorescence images of MitoTracker DeepRed FM (red dots) and LysoTracker Green (green dots) and their colocalization are shown. Scale bar—10 μm. ( B ) Number of mitochondria (%) colocalized with lysosomes in the mouse lung endotheliocytes from four experimental groups. Abbreviations used: BA, bongkrekic acid; CAT, carboxyatractyloside; PA, palmitic acid. Conditions: CTR—BSA solution, PA—0.75 mM palmitate/BSA complex solution. Data represent the mean ± SD from four independent experiments, including at least 10 fields of view.

Article Snippet: Bongkrekic acid (BA, cat. # 203671; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and carboxyatractyloside (CAT, cat. # PHL84196; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) were applied to cell cultures in the form of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution.

Techniques: Fluorescence

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: ANT1 Activation and Inhibition Patterns Support the Fatty Acid Cycling Mechanism for Proton Transport

doi: 10.3390/ijms22052490

Figure Lengend Snippet: The ADP/ATP exchange inhibitors inhibit ANT-mediated proton leak. ( a ) Dose-dependent inhibition of ANT-mediated proton leak by the inhibitors CATR (circles) and bongkrekic acid (BA, triangles) on proton leak (dark red). Lines are a least square regression fit of a sigmoidal function to the data. ( b ) EC50 and ( c ) maximum inhibition I max as fit parameters of ( a ). Planar bilayer membranes were made of 45:45:10 mol % PC:PE:CL reconstituted with 15 mol % AA. Buffer contained 50 mM Na 2 SO 4 , 10 mM Tris, 10 mM MES and 0.6 mM EGTA at pH = 7.34 and T = 306 K. Lipid concentration was 1.5 mg/(mL of buffer solution). Protein concentration measured by BCA assay was 4 µg/(mg of lipid). Data are the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Hexane (#296090), hexadecane (#296317), palmitic acid (#P0500), stearic acid (#S4751), arachidic acid (#A3631), linoleic acid (#L1376) and arachidonic acid (#A3611), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, #472301), the purine nucleotides adenine and guanine tri-, di-, and mono-phosphate (ATP, #A2383; ADP, #A2754; AMP, #01930; GTP #G8877; GDP, #G7127; and GMP, #G8377), carboxyatractyloside (CATR, #C4992) and bongkrekic acid (BA, #B6179) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna, Austria).

Techniques: Inhibition, Concentration Assay, Protein Concentration, BIA-KA